para-Phenylenediamine Containing Hair Dye: An Overview of Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity and Toxicitye

The great demand for hair dyes can be seen by the proliferation of hair salons. Their ability to impart temporary or permanent colour change to the hair satisfies the desire of consumers for beauty, fashion, and a look-younger image. para-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is found in more than 1000 hair dye formulations and is the most frequently used permanent hair dye component in Europe, North America, and East Asia. In addition, PPD containing permanent hair dyes account for three-quarters of global use and more than one-third of women use in Europe, North America, and East Asia. However, PPD has been banned in Germany, France and Sweden in the early 1900's as a hair dye component and the hazard of PPD on health has been discussed for the past few decades. PPD containing hair dyes have been associated with cancer and mutagenicity, with supportive evidences from both clinical and laboratory studies. Apart from that, PPD has potential toxicity which includes acute toxicity such as allergic contact dermatitis and subacute toxicity. In this article, we provide comprehensive review on the chemical ingredients of hair dyes, roles of PPD in hair dye, metabolic mechanisms of PPD through in vivo and in vitro studies, and mechanism involvement in the health effect of PPD as evidenced from both clinical and laboratory studies. *Corresponding authors: Soi Moi Chye, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Tel: +60327317220; E-mail: [email protected] Received September 12, 2016; Accepted September 19, 2016; Published September 23, 2016 Citation: hong HP, Reena K, Ng KY, Koh RY, Ng CH, et al. (2016) paraPhenylenediamine Containing Hair Dye: An Overview of Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity and Toxicity. J Environ Anal Toxicol 6: 403. doi: 10.4172/21610525.1000403 Copyright: © 2016 Chong HP, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Citation: hong HP, Reena K, Ng KY, Koh RY, Ng CH, et al. (2016) para-Phenylenediamine Containing Hair Dye: An Overview of Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity and Toxicity. J Environ Anal Toxicol 6: 403. doi: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000403